Subjective & Short Questions of Transmission of Genetic Material In Bacteria

SUBJECTIVE QUESTION

  1-What is conjugation? Explain the mechanism of conjugation.

2. What is transduction? Describe its mechanism.
3. What is transformation? Give its mechanism.

SHORT  QUESTIONS

1-What is conjugation? Is it a sexual mating?

Ans: The transfer of genetic material between bacteria through

cell-to-cell contact is called bacterial conjugation. Bacterial conjugation is often incorrectly regarded as sexual reproduction or mating It does not involve the fusion of gametes and formation of a zygote. Therefore, it is not actually sexual mating.

2. What is episome ?

Ans:      Episome is a plasmid of about 100 kh length that can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome In genetic recombination. It carries its o\\11origin of replication, called (Il/I.

3. What arc F+ and F-Bacteria?

Ans: There can only be one copy of the F-plasmid in a bacterium. Such bacterium is called F-positiveor sometimes male bacterium. The bacteria locking  plasmic’ are called IL neuatix c or female bacterium.

4. What is meant by low frequency of chromosomal gene
   transfer.

Ans: Some culture of cells contains non-integrated F-plasmic’s. These are responsible for the low-frequency of ‘chromosomal gene transfer.

5. What is meant by Hfr

Ans:      Some Strains of bacteria have integrated F-plasmid. Such

strains transfer chromosomal genes cry efficiently. So they are called Hfr (high frequency of recombination). A hfr cell is a bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (often /-) integrated into its genomic DNA. Unlike a normal F+ cell, hfr strains attempt to transfer their entire DNA through the mating bridges (called pili) to the F- cell.

6. What is transduction? Who did discover it?

Ans: Transduction is the process by which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a virus. It was first discovered by Joshua Lederberg in 1952.

7. Differentiate between generalized and specialized transduction.

Ans: Generalized transduction occurs in lytic cycle of phage virus. Specialized transduction occurs in Lysogenic cycle of phage – virus.

8. What is Restricted transduction?

Ans: Certain phages cam out a more restricted kind of

Transduction. They carry only a specific section of bacterial genetic material. They transducer only a few genes. Retroviruses carry out specific or restricted transduction.

9. What is transformation? Who did discover it?

Ans: Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA). It was discovered in 1928 Frederick Griffith.

10-What is meant by natural competence?

Ans: Natural bacterial transformation occurs only in bacterial species capable of natural competence. Such species carry sets of genes specifying machinery. It brings DNA across the cell’s membrane or membranes.

11-What is meant by artificial competence?

Ans: Artificial competence is not encoded in the cell’s genes. Instead it is a laboratory procedure. In this procedure, the cells are passively made permeable to DNA. These procedures are comparatively easy and simple. It can be used to genetically engineer bacteria.