LYSOMES
abidaLyso ome is a membrane-enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes that the cell uses to digest macromolecules. The lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze prote ns. polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acid. These enzymes…
THE GOLGI APPARATUS
The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membranous sacs. They look like a stack of pita bread. A cell may have several interconnected stacks. Each cisterns in a stack consists of…
THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
The word endoplasmic means "within" the cytoplasm. The word reticulum means "network." The ER consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae. The ER are extensive in…
RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes are non-membranous bounded strOctures. Ribosomes are the sites where the cell synthesizes proteins according to genetic instructions. A bacterial cell may have a few thousand ribosomes.But a human liver…
CYTOPLASM ORGANELLES, AND CELLULAR COMPONENTS
CYTOPLASM The cytoplasm of a cell has two distinct parts: The Cytomembrane system: It consists of well-defined structures, such as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus. vacuoles, and vesicles. The fluid cytosol:…
Movement of membrane across plasma membrane
greater than it inside. Filtration Hydrostatic pressure forces small molecules across selectively permeable membranes from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. A frog's blood …
VEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES
Molecules can cross membranes in a-number of ways. They may use their own energy. Or they rely on an outside energy source. There are following types of cell movements. SIMPLE…
PLASMA MEMBRANE
The plasma membrane surrounds the cell. Chemically plasma membrane is composed of: Protein: 60 to 80% Phospholipids: 20 to 40 % Cholesterol in small amount Carbohydrates in small amount Fig:…
CELL, TISSUES 0 GAN 14 ORGAN SYSTEM OF ANIMAL
CE L All animals are made up of cells. The cell plays a fundamental role in the understanding of zoology. It also helps in the understanding of chemistry. Cell is…
OBJECTIVES
Multiple Choice Questions MCQs Four options are given at the end of each statement. You should encircle one option from them. The number of electrons present in nature are: (a)…