PHYLUM PORIFERA The Porifera are sponges. They are primarily marine animals. There are nine thousand species of sponges. There are following characteristics of the phylum Porifera: Their bodies consist of…
Darwin returned to England in 1836. For the next 17 years, Darwin worked on the notes and specimens collected during his voyage. He made new observations. Artificial selection: He was…
Darwin started his work on his theory of natural selection. It was a long hardworking process. Darwin wanted to convince him that change occurs over time. Darwin accepted the opinion…
PRE DARWINIAN THEORIES OF CHANGE The idea of evolution did not originate with 'Charles Darwin. The ancient Greeks gave some ideas about the evolutionary changes. Empedocles (495-435 B.C.) and Aristotle…
Multiple Choice Questions MCQs Four options are given at the end of each statement. You should encircle one option from them. Some behavior patterns appear only after a specific developmental…
Describe four approaches of animal behavior Discuss proximate and ultimate causes and anthropomorphism. Discuss different factors involved in development of-behavior. Write note on learning and instincts. Write note on imprinting.…
TERMS I DEFINITIONS Behavior The activities animals perform during their lifetime are called animal behavior. Ethology The study of animal behavior on the basis of evolution and the natural…
The interactions among members of the same species are called social behavior. It is also applied to animals of different species. But it excludes predator-prey interactions. LIVING IN GROUPS Animal…
Behavioral ecologists investigate following aspects of animals: Orientation and navigation: How animals find their way? Habitat selection: How they find a place to live? Foraging behavior: What foods they select…
The transfer of information from one animal to another is called communication. It requires a sender and receiver. Both these animals are mutually adapted to each other. One animal acts…
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